An entire new market to fill the need for the sale and manufacturing of muskets began at this time. Interchangeability of parts allowed the mass production of parts independent of the final products in which they would be used. each musket) was considered a special order, meaning that parts of a given musket were fitted only for that particular musket and could not be used in other muskets. Up to this point in the history of manufacturing, each product (e.g. An important leap in manufacturing efficiency came in the late eighteenth century as Eli Whitney popularized the concept of interchangeability of parts when he manufactured 10,000 muskets. Compared to the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery were characterized by a greater specialization in labor, which was a characteristic of the growing cities and trade networks of Europe. Division of labor has been a feature from the beginning of civilization, the extent to which the division is carried out varied considerably depending on period and location. The industrial revolution was facilitated by two elements: interchangeability of parts and division of labor. The medieval army could also be considered a service since they defended the nobility. Court jesters were considered service providers. They provided service to the nobility in the form of cooking, cleaning and providing entertainment. Services were also performed in the Middle Ages by servants. Although guilds were regulated as to the quality of work performed, the resulting system was rather rigid, shoemakers, for example, were prohibited from tanning hides. The guild system, operating mainly between 11, consisted of two types: merchant guilds, who bought and sold goods, and craft guilds, which made goods. Although a large part of labor was employed in agriculture, artisans contributed to economic output and formed guilds.
In the feudal system, vassals and serfs produced for themselves and people of higher classes by using the ruler's land and resources. This hierarchical organization in which people were divided into classes based on social position and wealth became known as the feudal system.
Loyal noblemen maintained large sections of the monarch's territory. In the Middle Ages, kings and queens ruled over large areas of land. It follows, therefore, as a matter of course, that he who devotes himself to a very highly specialized line of work is bound to do it in the best possible manner." ".In large cities, on the other hand, inasmuch as many people have demands to make upon each branch of industry, one trade alone, and very often even less than a whole trade, is enough to support a man: one man, for instance, makes shoes for men, and another for women and there are places even where one man earns a living by only stitching shoes, another by cutting them out, another by sewing the uppers together, while there is another who performs none of these operations but only assembles the parts. By 1100 B.C., labor was being specialized in China by about 370 B.C., Xenophon described the advantages of dividing the various operations necessary for the production of shoes among different individuals in ancient Greece: It was during this time that the Egyptians started using planning, organization, and control in large projects such as the construction of the pyramids. The next major historical application of operation systems occurred in 4000 B.C. when Sumerian priests developed the ancient system of recording inventories, loans, taxes, and business transactions. The history of production and operation systems begins around 5000 B.C. 2.2 Metrics: efficiency and effectiveness.1.2 Second Industrial Revolution and post-industrial society.The operations function requires management of both the strategic and day-to-day production of goods and services. Operations is one of the major functions in an organization along with supply chains, marketing, finance and human resources. Operation management covers sectors like banking systems, hospitals, companies, working with suppliers, customers, and using technology. Operations produce products, manage quality and create services. It is concerned with managing an entire production or service system which is the process that converts inputs (in the forms of raw materials, labor, consumers, and energy) into outputs (in the form of goods and/or services for consumers). It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed and effective in meeting customer requirements. Operations management is an area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services.
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